python

dealcode (Python)

Collision-free, random-looking codes from a counter. Python implementation of the dealcode spec.

Install

pip install dealcode

Requires Python ≥ 3.9. The only dependency is cryptography (PyCA), used for AES.

Quickstart

from dealcode import Dealcode

codec = Dealcode(key="0a1b...64-hex-chars-from-your-secret-manager")

codec.encode(0)        # '767a5b'   (6 hex chars)
codec.encode(1)        # '421163'   never collides with any other counter
codec.decode("421163") # 1

(The outputs shown are the real ones for this exact key and default config — with your own key every counter maps to a different, but equally stable, code.)

The key can be raw bytes (16/24/32 bytes are used as-is as an AES key) or any string/bytes, which are deterministically expanded to an AES-256 key. Generate one with openssl rand -hex 32 and keep it in your secret manager — the mapping is stable only while the key (and every other option) stays fixed.

Options

Dealcode(
    key,                    # bytes | str
    alphabet="hex",         # "dec" | "hex" | "base32" | "crockford" | "base36"
                            # | "base58" | "base62" | "base64url" | custom string
    min_length=6,           # codes start at this length...
    max_length=None,        # ...and grow one char at a time up to this (default: max for 2^63)
    domain="",              # namespace: same key, unrelated codes per domain
)

coupon = Dealcode(key, "crockford", domain="coupons")   # human-friendly, e.g. '7Q4WKZ'
order  = Dealcode(key, "dec", min_length=8, domain="orders")  # digits only
fixed  = Dealcode(key, "hex", min_length=16, max_length=16)   # constant-length

decode raises InvalidCodeError for malformed input — wrong length, characters outside the alphabet, or a value outside the issuable range. A well-formed code always decodes to some counter, whether or not that counter was ever issued (inherent to a permutation — see SPEC §7). Treat decode as parsing, not proof of existence: look the counter up before acting on it, and note that a one-character typo in a valid code can resolve to a different valid counter — add rate limiting (and, for human-typed flows, an existence check or your own check digit). encode raises RangeError outside [0, codec.capacity), and construction mistakes (bad key, alphabet, lengths, domain) raise ConfigError. All errors subclass DealcodeError (a ValueError).

Preset alphabets normalize obvious typing variants before decoding — hex is case-insensitive, and crockford also folds O → 0 and I/L → 1 — but normalization never strips anything: separators and whitespace are not removed. If you display codes grouped (XXXX-XXXX), strip the hyphens or spaces in your app before calling decode.

Using it with your database

Dealcode does not talk to your database — it only turns a counter into a code. Any source of never-repeating integers works. With PostgreSQL:

CREATE SEQUENCE order_code_seq AS bigint MINVALUE 0 START WITH 0;

CREATE TABLE orders (
  id   bigint PRIMARY KEY,          -- the counter
  code text NOT NULL UNIQUE,        -- safety net; alerts on config mistakes
  ...
);

import os

from sqlalchemy import text

from dealcode import Dealcode, InvalidCodeError

codec = Dealcode(key=os.environ["DEALCODE_KEY"], domain="orders")

def create_order(conn) -> str:
    n = conn.execute(text("SELECT nextval('order_code_seq')")).scalar_one()
    code = codec.encode(n)
    conn.execute(
        text("INSERT INTO orders (id, code) VALUES (:id, :code)"),
        {"id": n, "code": code},
    )
    return code

def find_order(conn, code: str):
    try:
        n = codec.decode(code)          # malformed codes never reach the DB
    except InvalidCodeError:
        return None
    return conn.execute(text("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE id = :id"), {"id": n}).first()

Sequences never hand out the same number twice (even across concurrent transactions and rollbacks), so codes never collide. Gaps in the sequence are invisible — codes look random anyway.

If the UNIQUE constraint on code ever fires, do not retry: it means the key/config changed for an existing namespace. Investigate.

Fixed-length cycling mode

For code shapes that must never grow — airline-PNR-style fixed-length codes — CyclingDealcode (SPEC §11) fills the entire fixed-length space, and when it is exhausted refills the same space through a different permutation instead of adding a character:

from dealcode import CyclingDealcode

pnr = CyclingDealcode(key, "crockford", length=6, domain="bookings")

code = pnr.encode(n)              # always exactly 6 chars; cycle = n // pnr.capacity
cycle = pnr.cycle_of(n)           # which cycle a counter belongs to — store it with the code
n = pnr.decode(code, cycle=3)     # the cycle is required context

Configuration mirrors Dealcode (key, alphabet, domain) with a single fixed length: 2 <= length <= 128 and 100 <= radix**length <= 2**63.

Codes repeat across cycles (the space is being reused — that's the point), so keep at most one cycle's codes live per uniqueness scope: retire or expire cycle e before issuing from e+1, index with UNIQUE(cycle, code) rather than UNIQUE(code), and store each live code's cycle — decode needs it. Decoding with a wrong (but in-range) cycle is not an error — it silently returns a different counter; the existence check on the decoded counter is what catches it.

Thread safety & performance

A Dealcode instance is immutable and thread-safe; create one per namespace at startup and reuse it. Encoding is ten AES-CBC-MAC rounds — tens of microseconds, no allocation-heavy paths, O(1) in the counter value.

Running the tests

From the repository root:

pip install -e ./python pytest    # or: export PYTHONPATH=python/src
python -m pytest python/tests

The suite covers the official NIST FF1 sample vectors, every shared cross-language vector in testvectors/, and behavioural/edge cases.

License

MIT — see LICENSE.